REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

Chemical Oxidation	Form	Contaminants	Notes
Classic Fenton’s Reagent (hydrogen peroxide with pH adjustment by acid and iron catalyst).	Liquid	Petroleum hydrocarbons, (BTEX, MTBE, TBA, TPH-g, TPH-d), chlorinated solvents (PCE, TCE, DCA) some pesticides/herbicides	H₂O₂ with iron catalyst and acid (to lower pH). Contaminants mineralized to carbon dioxide and water. pH is usually <4. Fenton’s Reagent decomposes to oxygen and water.
Enhanced Fenton’s Reagent (hydrogen peroxide with minor pH adjustment by acid and organic iron catalyst).	Liquid	Petroleum hydrocarbons, (BTEX, MTBE, TBA, TPH-g, TPH-d), chlorinated solvents (PCE, TCE, DCA) some pesticides/herbicides	H₂O₂ with organic iron catalyst and near neutral pH. VTX is one iron catalyst developed by Advanced Oxidation Technology.
Hydrogen Peroxide	Liquid	Petroleum hydrocarbons, (BTEX, MTBE, TBA, TPH-g, TPH-d), chlorinated solvents (PCE, DCA) some pesticides/herbicides	H₂O₂; by itself, hydrogen peroxide is a commonly used oxidant with less strength than Fenton’s Reagent. The by product is oxygen and water. At low concentrations (<3%), it is used for an oxygen source for aerobic bioremediation.
Potassium Permanganate	Soluble Powder	Used to oxidize ethenes (PCE, TCE, DCE and VC). Can work with Aldrin and Dieldrin. Not effective with TCA, DCA, benzene, MTBE.	Sold by Carus Chemical, KMnO₄; reasonably strong oxidant used to Forms manganese dioxide, which can change the permeability. Requires Homeland Security paperwork.
Sodium Permanganate	Liquid	Used to oxidize ethenes (PCE, TCE, DCE and VC). Can work with Dieldrin. NOT EFFECTIVE with ethanes: TCA, DCA or benzene, MTBE.	Sold by Carus Chemical, NaMnO₄; reasonably strong oxidant used to Forms manganese dioxide, which can change the permeability in soils.
Sodium Persulfate with activator	Soluble Powder with catalyst	PCE, TCE, MTBE, BTEX, and PCBs in soil and water.	Patented by FMC, the powerful sulfate ion (S₂O₈^2-) can be activated by heat, iron EDTA, sodium hydroxide or hydrogen peroxide.
Iron EDTA, activator or catalyst	Soluble Powder with catalyst	PCE, TCE, VC, MTBE, benzene, etc. (depends on the oxidant).	Used with a variety of chemical oxidizers as a catalyst or activator.
VTX catalyst	Liquid iron catalyst	Treats TCE, VC, MTBE, benzene, phenols among others. The process works by combining a strong oxidizing agent, such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone, persulfate, etc. with an organo-metallic catalyst within a pH range of 5 to 8.5.	VTX is an organic iron catalyst developed by Advanced Oxidation Technology, Inc. Can be used with high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and other oxidants.
Ozone	Gas	Petroleum hydrocarbons, BTEX, MTBE, PAHs, PCE, TCE, VC, PCBs, 1,4 dioxane, pesticides (chlorodane and heptachlor).	Gas generated on site
Ozone with UV	Gas with UV light	Petroleum hydrocarbons, BTEX, MTBE, PAHs, PCE, TCE, VC, PCBs, 1,4 dioxane, pesticides (chlorodane and heptachlor).	Gas generated on site, enhanced with UV, also called advanced oxidation process (AOP). Good for above ground water treatment processes
Ozone with Hydrogen Peroxide	Gas with liquid hydrogen peroxide	Petroleum hydrocarbons, BTEX, MTBE, PAHs, PCE, TCE, VC, PCBs, 1,4 dioxane, pesticides (chlorodane and heptachlor).	Patented by Kerfoot Technologies, Inc., the ozone gas is generated on site enhanced with hydrogen peroxide. Good for above ground water treatment as well as subsurface in-situ remediation of soil and groundwater. Use of microbubblers to enhance delivery of ozone bubbles.
Reducing Compounds	Form	Contaminants	Notes
Zero Valent Iron (ZVI)	Iron powders,	Reducing solvents, some metals, perchlorate, nitrate	Granular zero valent iron particles (FeO) used to remove chlorinated solvents from water. Typically installed in the subsurface as treatment walls or above ground drums. Can use sponge iron and other modifications with sulfur. Some of these processes are patented.
Ferrous Sulfate	Soluble powder or liquid	Reducing Cr(VI), other metals, solvents, nitrate	Usually injected into the ground under pressure.
Sodium Metabisulfite	Soluble powder	Reducing Cr(VI), other metals, solvents, nitrate	Usually injected into the ground under pressure.
Calcium Polysulfide	Usually delivered as liquid	Reducing Cr(VI), other metals, solvents, nitrate	Usually injected into the ground under pressure. Supplied by Best Sulfur Products under the name BSP Cascade®.
Sulfur Dioxide	Soluble gas	As above	SO₂, used in industrial processes for many years, is safely delivered to water using the HiSOC and gPRO by inVentures Technologies, Inc.
EnviroBlend®	Powders	Stabilizes As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg and Zn.	Developed by American Minerals, Inc. to stabilize heavy metals.
Adsorption Media	Form	Contaminants	Notes
Bayoxide E33	Granular powder	Arsenic reduction [As(III) and AS(V)]	The dry, crystalline granular Bayoxide® E33 media was designed with a high capacity for arsenic, providing long operating cycles and low operating costs.
Enhanced Aerobic Bioremediation	Form	Contaminants	Notes
Oxygen gas	gas	Petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TBA, BTEX, VC	Infused using a mass-transfer tools (iSOC and gPRO) designed by inVentures Technologies, Inc., hydrogen has been used to deliver oxygen for aerobic bioremediation
Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation	Form	Contaminants	Notes
Corn Syrup	liquid	PCE, TCE and some metals [Cr(VI)]	Generic carbon substrate used in the fermentation process creating an anaerobic environment.
Cheese Whey, Fermented Milk	liquid	PCE, TCE and some metals [Cr(VI)]	Generic carbon substrate used in the fermentation process creating an anaerobic environment.
Molasses	Viscous liquid	PCE, TCE and some metals [Cr(VI)]	Generic carbon substrate used in the fermentation process creating an anaerobic environment.
WilClear®, Accelerite®, LactOil®, ChitoRem®, SoluLac®, Wikle Whey®	Liquids and powders	PCE, TCE, DCE, and some metals [Cr(VI)]	JRW Bioremediation Products are engineered enhanced carbon substrates that ferment creating anaerobic environments.
PCE, TCE degradation (SDC-9 Cultures) dehalococcoides sp.(DHC) or TCA-20, dehalobacter sp. Strain TCA1	Microbial Cultures	PCE, TCA and other chlorinated solvents	Shaw Environmental supplies SDC-9 and TCA-20, specialized bacteria cultures for specific anaerobic processes
EHC®, EHC®-A, EHC®-M, ZVI PRBs, DARAMEND®, DARAMEND®-M, TERRAMEND®, Aquablock+™	Various solid treatments for soil and groundwater	Chlorinated compounds (PCE, TCE, etc.), heavy metals	Adventus Group products for a variety of in situ reduction (ISCR) technologies. EBS provides bench testing of these products.
PM-1 cultures	Microbial Cultures	MTBE	Developed by the University of California at Davis, this bacteria is designed to break down MTBE
Hydrogen gas	Gas	PCE, TCE, DCE, and some metals [Cr(VI)]	Infused using a mass-transfer tools (HiSOC and gPRO) designed by inVentures Technologies, Inc., hydrogen has been shown to increase the degradation rate of chlorinated solvents with edible oils by about 50%.
Aerobic Co-Metabolic Oxidation	Form	Contaminants	Notes
Oxygen and propane	Gases	TCE, DCE, VC	Bacteria use a continuous supply of oxygen as the electron acceptor, but use the cometabolic substrate (alkane gas) as a growth substrate (electron donor). Gases infused using a mass-transfer tools (iSOC and gPRO) designed by inVentures Technologies, Inc., hydrogen has been used for co-metabolic processes.
Processes	Form	Contaminants	Notes
Cold Mix Asphalt Process for soils and sludges	Process	Soil and sludge treatment for petroleum hydrocarbons, BTEX, MTBE, chlorinated solvents, heavy metals, pesticides, PCBs, PAHs, other.	Offered by Remediation Shop, this process recycles soil and sludges into a useable product (cold mix asphalt) which can be used for parking lots, bike paths, hiking trails, etc. Various EBS bench tests and leachability tests are required.
High Pressure Bio-Solvent Process for free product removal	Process	LNAPL free product (diesel, motor oil, hydraulic oil, crude oil, PCBs) extraction process used with two phase extraction.	Developed by Clearwater Group, this process is used for LNAPL oil recovery with Remediation Shop Bio-Solvent. EBS performs bench testing, if needed or design work, as needed.
CO₂ Saturated Water Infusion (SWI) Process for LNAPL and DNAPL recovery	Process	Rapid removal of LNAPL and DNAPL using super saturated CO₂ infusion with two phase extraction.	Using the SWI process developed by inVentures Technologies, Inc., EBS performs bench testing, if needed or design work, as needed.

For more information on EBS bench testing and remediation technology options, please contact James Jacobs at 510-590-1098 or 415-381-5195 (jimjacobs@ebsinfo.com).